C++ Concepts

Here’s a list of basic, intermediate, and advanced C++ concepts.

Basic Concepts

These are foundational topics that every C++ programmer must know.

Syntax and Structure

• The main() function
• Input/output (cin, cout)
• Comments (//, /* */)

Data Types and Variables

• Primitive types (int, float, char, bool, double)
• const and constexpr
• Type modifiers (unsigned, long, short)

Operators

• Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %)
• Relational operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
• Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
• Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, etc.)

Control Flow

• Conditional statements (if, else, switch)
• Loops (for, while, do-while)

Functions

• Function declaration and definition
• Pass by value and reference
• Function overloading
• Default arguments

Arrays

• Single-dimensional arrays
• Multi-dimensional arrays

Strings

• String handling with std::string
• Character arrays (char[])

Pointers

• Basics of pointers
• Dereferencing and pointer arithmetic

Basic File I/O

• Using <fstream> for file reading and writing

Intermediate Concepts

These topics delve deeper into the language and are essential for building robust applications.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Classes and objects
• Constructors and destructors
• Access specifiers (public, private, protected)
• Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction
• Operator overloading
• this pointer

Dynamic Memory Management

• new and delete
• Dynamic arrays

Templates

• Function templates
• Class templates
• Template specialization

Standard Template Library (STL)

• Containers (vector, list, map, set)
• Iterators
• Algorithms (sort, find, reverse)
• Function objects and predicates

Exception Handling

• try, catch, throw
• Standard exceptions

Namespaces

• std and custom namespaces

Type Casting

• Implicit and explicit casting
• static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast

Enumerations

• enum and enum class

Multithreading

• Basics of <thread> and thread management

Lambda Expressions - Syntax and usage

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Advanced Concepts

These topics are often used for performance optimization, systems programming, and mastering C++.

Advanced OOP

• Virtual functions and v-tables
• Pure virtual functions and abstract classes
• Multiple inheritance and diamond problem
• Object slicing

Advanced Templates

• Variadic templates
• Template metaprogramming (TMP)
• Concepts and constraints (C++20)

Memory Management

• Smart pointers (std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::weak_ptr)
• Memory leaks and debugging
• RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)

Move Semantics

• Rvalue references
• Move constructors and move assignment
• Perfect forwarding

Concurrency

• Advanced multithreading with <mutex>, <condition_variable>, <future>
• Asynchronous programming with <async>

Advanced STL

• Custom allocators
• Advanced iterator patterns
• Parallel algorithms (C++17)

File Systems

• Using <filesystem> for file operations (C++17)

Metaprogramming

• Compile-time programming with constexpr and consteval
• Reflection (future proposals)

Design Patterns

• Singleton, Factory, Observer, etc.

Low-Level Programming - Working with raw memory (malloc, free) - Bitwise operations - Inline assembly (if needed)

Networking - Socket programming (using libraries like Boost.Asio)

Custom Memory Allocators - Writing custom allocators for performance-critical applications

C++ Standards - Understanding the differences between C++98, C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20, and newer

Progression Tip

• Master basic concepts first to build confidence.
• Move on to intermediate topics for practical problem-solving.
• Dive into advanced topics to unlock the full potential of C++ for high-performance and specialized applications.

Let me know if you'd like detailed explanations or examples for any of these!